The One Thing to Do for Argumentative Essay Topics on Womens Rights

The One Thing to Do for Argumentative Essay Topics on Women's Rights The point is you want to convince the reader your argument is the perfect one, and that means you'll absolutely want to choose a topic that you're passionate about and something which you will become excited about researching and writing. Should you want, include a summary statement at the close of the discussion. A conclusion is, without a doubt, the most crucial portion of the argumentative essay as possible either support the excellent impression or destroy it entirely. In general, the essay conclusion must be short and right to the point. At the conclusion of these list, you are going to discover links to a variety of argumentative paragraphs and essays. Sample speech titles should be added. Below this topic you will pick a single form of media, for instance, movies, literature, photography and so forth. Explore the subsequent fascinating topics. If you don't need to struggle too much writing your essay, be certain to take a look what things to do if you have to discover simple argumentative essay topics in virtually no time. A great essay topic is something you love. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's essential to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. It is helpful to have a framework of how you'll arrange topics and formulate your points so they flow into one another and support the central thesis before you get started writing. Bear in mind, your thesis is your principal point of discussion. After you're prepared to produce a thesis, take a look at these Argumentative Thesis Statement Examples. Is it true that the thesis go at the conclusion of the conclusion. At the time of around thirteen decades, girls enter puberty and begin showing more femininity. All this happened regardless of the simple fact a massive number of women attended that meeting. Inside this paper, we're likely to observe how women are exploited in the labor marketplace. Women attending the convention proved now permitted to share their views (Among other types of active participation) by being duty-bound to take a seat at the rear of the gallery. An essay on women rights needs to be written dependent on facts as it is something which has, is and will nonetheless influence the world in 1 way or another. In many areas of the world, more times than not, human rights are severely violated. Some people today live their lives based on their religion even though others don't think you should factor that into decision making in regards to determining rules for everybody. The topic of women's rights is one of the most relevant ones in modern society. What You Need to Know About Argumentative Essay Topics on Women's Rights An essential essay can help you shed some light on the issue of censorship and capability to speak freely. You might decide to write on the issue you've already formed an opinion about. Hilary states that so as to eliminate this unfair treatment discrimination and inequities have to be eliminated. Argumentative Essay Topics on Women's Rights at a Glance Odds are, all you have to do is relax and locate a topic you're passionate about and, naturally, one that's debatable. The usage of distinctive detail is able to make your college admission essay stick out over the rest for advice on how to write a college admission essay, visit. Therefore your choice may be limited to what you will probably finish. Picking a simple topic may prove to be an incorrect track because you may have difficulties finding credible sources to support your views. The New Fuss About Argumentative Essay Topics on Women's Rights There's, naturally, a limit on the variety of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. If do not have any urge to waste time on choosing the best topic and writing the entire argumentative essay from scratch, don't forget that you've a loyal group of professionals by your side. It will cost you a little money, but you'll be almost certain to obtain a top grade. Thus, it has to be same quantity of payment. Men feel a lot more outstanding to females. Women aren't exceptional too. They were allowed to work 16 hours a day and perform men's duties. They should be allowed to work. There's women discrimination from a very long time ago. Now, the theme of gender equality and gender studies is quite popular all around the world. Today, there continue to be problems for ladies. It is quite a common problem, and it's the worst problem for ladies.

Essay Topics From 1945-1975

Essay Topics From 1945-1975A lot of students would certainly agree that essay topics from 1945-1975 were challenging and their writing ability wasn't up to the mark. Not so long ago, I was doing a study on the history of music and found out that the assignment books were full of the same four essay topics from 1945-1975 that all of the other students had struggled with.I started learning to write about my favorite subject as I'm not exactly a history buff. Since I have a rather busy schedule right now, I didn't have time to start taking art classes and making my own research papers. I thought I should at least write about one topic in one class because it would be a change from my usual schedule of studying and writing a thesis for a university course.The first thing I did was join several study groups that focused on history topics. When I got to the main stage of the assignments, I realized that it was my own lack of creativity that was holding me back. Once I started taking more c reative approaches to my assignments, I started gaining respect in my class.All of the students were just able to find the paper topics for 1945-1975 that they liked and not the ones they thought would look cool in a presentation. It seems that some professors don't allow creative essay topics in history writing classes.One of the common paper topics is 'The Story of Jazz', which everyone wanted to write, but we didn't have the time to do the research needed. We wrote these essays by just copy and pasting other essays from books, websites, magazines, and the Internet.After the war, music was considered to be something reserved for the upper class of society. But nowadays, jazz has become an integral part of the music culture of every country.The list of article subjects is endless, but some of the most commonly used topics are: 'Music of the Night', 'The Music of the New England Province', 'Music of Native Americans', 'Music of Japan', 'Music of Germany', 'Early Art Music', 'Empathy and Learning', 'The Performance of Beethoven', 'Pop and Rock Music', 'American Traditional Music', 'Traditional American Music', 'Song Lyrics', 'Music for Theater', 'Boudoir Paintings', 'Traditional Music of African-Americans', 'Modern Popular Music'The Music of the Slope'. If you have a large selection of topics, your essay will likely come out flawless. With practice, it becomes second nature and you can start using your creativity.

Analytical Essay Topic Ideas - How To Find Them

Analytical Essay Topic Ideas - How To Find ThemAre you in need of finding analytical essay topic ideas for you? Although it is not necessary to have the best essay topic ideas, it would be great if you had the best possible ones. So you should consider a few things before you can start to search.First thing you need to consider is that you should have a well thought out topic and idea that would be able to fit with the subject. If you are having difficulties on this aspect, then perhaps you should find a general analytical essay topic idea. It would be better if you can find one that is easy to understand for you and would be able to give you the best kind of solutions and answers to your questions. If you are the kind of person who needs more than just a good idea, then perhaps you should look into finding a topic that could be good for communication and information.When you have the right essay topic ideas, you can now begin to do some research. There are plenty of good sources of information that you can use for you to search for analytical essay topic ideas. You should search for online or offline resources where you can find free academic resources and examples of essay topics that you can use for you.The best thing to do in this regard is to join some free bulletin boards and discussion forums. These will allow you to get more insight from other students about topics that they know well. Even if you are not a student, but you still want to learn some facts and ideas about this subject, then you can also read articles, tips and answers on topics related to essay topic ideas. There are also some websites that you can visit to find some more articles and examples of topics.In order to find the best analytical essay topic ideas, you should also be able to use the Internet, in addition to regular academic essays. Some people would not even consider writing for their own essays, so it would be great if you are able to write for yourself. But when you are writin g for yourself, you can also use a topic for your essay topic that is easy to understand.When you are writing your own essay, you should also make sure that you are writing it to help you with your education and understanding the concepts and topics discussed on the essay topic ideas. You should also be able to read the way you write and learn from it as you work on your essay. Writing your own essay, by itself, can also help you find an analytical essay topic idea that you would like to use.After you find an essay topic idea that would fit with the topic, it would be great if you could use the best analytical essay topic ideas. It is always important to use the best information to write for your own essay, but also try to learn from it and apply it to the topic.

What Makes Us Feel That We Have to Learn a Sample Essay?

What Makes Us Feel That We Have to Learn a Sample Essay?What makes us feel that we have to learn a sample essay as a student of psychology? To me, it is quite obvious that there is something irrational about the whole thing. If we really want to learn more, we would only need to open up to other people who might help us.It seems that many students need samples in order to make up their minds about studying a sample essay. It is very clear that they do not know how to choose. To them, there is just no reason to choose because all that matters is how they will use it.The idea of what makes us feel that we have to learn a sample essay is rather dangerous. No one should be made to feel that he needs it because the situation calls for it. The situation doesn't require it and then why should it become an example for all the students?Perhaps we can understand what is really behind the study of a sample essay. In a certain way, it is the most popular for those who need help in studying. Thes e situations are usually life threatening and they must be taken seriously. It is just because they want to avoid this situation in the future.To all those who do not know anything about these situations, they might think that such things happen only in the movies. But in reality, there are actually such things as a sample. In some cases, the sample has been released so that people may remember the situation.After knowing this, all these students who did not apply it would take it as if it is actually real. The reason is simple. These people need help in studying about the situation so that they can learn from it. These experiences teach you the reality of the situation.What makes us feel that we have to learn a sample essay is that we want to avoid all kinds of scenarios that might lead to death. If we really want to learn, let us study and ask questions.

Twelfth Night Essay free essay sample

When Viola first meets Duke Orsino, dressed as Cesario, she is convinced and hopes to win the Duke’s heart over. Viola expresses her true feelings for Orsino the first time she meets him. Viola says â€Å"I’ll do my best/ To woo your lady. [Aside. ] Yet a barful strife! / Whoe’er I woo, myself would be his wife† (1. 5. 44-46), when she is sent to express Orsino’s love to Olivia. This is the first time where we see Viola taking interest in the Duke. Viola and Orsino also had a good and strong friendship before the truth came out at the end of the book. Switching from friends to husband and wife would have been easy for them even though Viola is now herself, dressed as a girl. The two see each other on a daily basis and are constantly talking which makes their bond closer and closer. Viola is then caught in another true love scenario only this time she is on the receiving end and things didn’t end smoothly. We will write a custom essay sample on Twelfth Night Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She tried to get Olivia for Duke Orsino but as time went on Olivia grew to love Cesario. Cesario was not who he seemed to be though because he was really Viola in disguise. There was only way of getting out of this and this was to tell everyone her secret but if she did it could have put her chances with the Duke in danger. With Viola and Orsino spending mostly everyday together has helped them grow a true bond and this is why their love is so strong and an example is true love not lust. Lennon2 Viola’s respect for Duke Orsino was evident before she even knew she loved him. Viola dressed up as a man to be Duke Orsino’s servant. She did not have to dress up as a man but she chose to and this how she became a servant for the Duke. Viola’s intentions of dressing up as Cesario and working for Duke Orsino were to gain access to Orsino’s palace. With her working for him they grew closer together before her identity got revealed. When Viola first heard of Orsino’s name she already had the respect for him. You can hear that Viola respects Orsino when she says â€Å"Orsino I have heard my father name him. / He was a bachelor then† (1. 2. 29-30). This shows that Viola knows of Duke Orsino and has heard her father speak of him in the past. Viola continues her respect by agreeing to persuading Olivia that Duke Orsino likes her but behind her words you can tell that she has feelings for Orsino and wants to pursue a relationship with him. She confesses that she wants to be the role of his wife when she says â€Å"Whoe’er I woo, myself would be his wife† (1. 5. 46). Since Viola had previous respect for Orsino this will carry on through their marriage and show that they are true to each other and mean what they say. True love shows between Viola and Duke Orsino when they have a conversation about women and both insert their input and opinions. Orsino shares his views on the nature of women while Viola listens and gives her feedback. Orsino shares to Viola that â€Å"There is no women’s sides/ can bide the beating of so strong a passion/ As love doth give my heart; no women’s heart/ So big, to hold so much; they lack retention/ Alas, their love may be called appetite/ No motion of the liver, but the palate/ That suffer surfeit, cloyment, and revolt;/ But mine is all as hungry as the sea/ And can digest as much. Make no compare/ Between that love a women can bear me/ Lennon3 And that I owe Olivia† (2. . 103-113). by this Orsino thinks that women’s love is deceiving and empty-hearted. In return Viola defends women and tells him that some women out that like love more than lust. Viola then shares her own interest of love to Duke Orsino. Viola says â€Å"Sooth, but you must/ Say that some lady, as perhaps there is/ Hath for your love as great a pang of heart/ As you have for Olivia. You cannot love her;/ You tell her so. Must she not then be answered† (2. 4. 98-102). Viola is asking Orsino is he would ever love another women as much as he loves Olivia. Orsino claims that there is no stronger love that he had for Olivia. This was important because it lets the audience know that there could possibly be a chance of relationship down the line. Their love becomes true when Cesario reveals herself as Viola to everybody including the one she loves Orsino. Orsino says â€Å"Give me thy hand/ And let me see thee in thy women’s weeds† (5. 1. 285-286). By Orsino taking Viola’s hand in marriage, it causes the love between them to come to an end and for them to continue life and furthering their true love with Viola being herself, dressed as a girl. Although many characters loved each other the only true love was found between Viola and Duke Orsino. Viola spent most of \her days with the Duke and stated early on that she was going to win his heart over and id going to be his wife. Her respect for Orsino and her talks with him helped her achieve this. Throughout Shakespeare’s â€Å"Twelfth Night† there are many love triangles and relationships but the only relationship that shows true love id the relationship between Viola and Duke Orsino. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Twelfth Night. Ed. Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine. Washington. Washington Square Press, 1602.

Optimisation of Aerospace Fabrics

Optimisation of Aerospace Fabrics Free Online Research Papers 1.Safety systems are necessary for all military aircraft which are designed to operate on the fringes of safety envelope and are inherently vulnerable to internal or externally induced failures. The safety systems while ensuring safety of the aircraft and/ or aircrew, do not directly contribute towards operational capability of the aircraft. Their addition into the aircraft thus imposes a weight penalty and it is a challenging task for the designer to minimize their weights. It is in the use of fabrics for safety systems that the Russian and western design approaches converge. Fabrics are now universally and extensively used in the design of safety systems of military aircraft due to their light weight and a host of other favorable properties. Important examples are parachutes, dinghies, life jackets, survival packs, arrester barrier nets etc. 2. Fabrics are also used in other aerospace application like, protective systems viz; flying clothing, fire proof/ fire retardant zones, pressure suits etc and environment systems viz; passenger seats, cabin upholstery, pressure suits, camouflage covers etc. 3. Each of the above applications is quite diverse in its functionality, operating characteristics, load spectrum etc. These varied design requirements compel use of diverse range of fabrics which need to meet stringent aeronautical standards. Diversity in range of fabrics has been further enlarged, firstly by our strategic decision to indigenously design and manufacture the safety systems and secondly by the increased market competition. This enlarged diversity in the range of fabrics has led to technological and maintenance issues which need to be jointly addressed by the designer, manufacturer and the user. 4. The central theme of this paper is to communicate the user’s concerns to the designer and the industry and synergise their efforts to optimize the constraints in design, manufacture and supply chain management. Application of Aerospace Fabrics 5. Aerospace fabrics find their application in three distinct systems of military aviation environment, viz; safety systems, protective systems and environment systems. Each of these systems has its specific role in the overall reliability of the weapon system viz; the military aircraft. They operate under specific conditions of physical and environmental loads and their design and materials used vary from application to application. 6. Typical applications of aerospace textiles in the military systems are: Safety Systems Safety Systems, Environment Systems Aircrew parachutes,Load lashing nets,Aircrew, PAX seats. Brake parachutes,Protective Systems,Pressure suits,Spin recovery parachutes, Flying Clothing,Cabin upholstery. Dinghies or Life rafts,Anti-G suits, Camouflage covers,Life jacketsFire resistant/ retardant barriers, Ballistic Control parachutes, Survival Packs, Arrester Barrier nets, Target Sleeves 7. The above are only generic and indicative uses to which aerospace textiles can be applied. The numbers and versions of applications are too many and any discussion on each of them separately is beyond the scope of this paper. However, fabrics used in safety systems in general and parachutes in particular are used as examples to drive home the point. 8. In parachutes, the aerospace fabrics are used in different forms, known as textile assemblies. Typically these assemblies are woven fabrics, woven narrow fabrics such as tapes and webbings, braided cordages, both cored and coreless and the sewing threads. The base yarns used in these textile assemblies may be nylon 6/66, capron, poly-aramids, cotton, polyester, rubberized nylons, neoprene fabrics, polyethylene etc. A broad summary of aerospace application of textiles is given in Properties of Aerospace Fabrics 9. The decision of the designer to use a specific base fibre and textile assembly for an application is governed by the physical and environmental load conditions and properties of the base fibre as well as its textile assembly. Properties of aerospace textile materials are thus important as these are responsible for successful performance of a safety system. Besides, fabric dimensions such as width, thickness and roll length of the fabric, structural parameters viz; denier, tenacity, yarn twist, type of weave etc are also specified. Every physical, constructional parameter and the fabric property have their own significance with regard to their role in parachute construction, packing, deployment and service life. Any deviation from the specifications would have the potential to put life and other valuable assets into danger. 10.The properties which are important and generally specified for an aerospace textile material are listed below and their importance in design of aerospace applications is discussed in the succeeding paragraphs. (a) Nature of Fibre (b) Dimensions of Textile Assembly (c) Mass and Volume (d) Tensile Properties (e) Air permeability 11. Nature of Fibre Each type of fibre has its own combination of properties and a parachute designer selects a fibre which could meet the minimum design requirements of a given parachute application. The use of a right fibre controls the properties of the materials namely mass, volume, strength, elongation, elastic behavior, thermal stability, resistance to UV light, abrasion, chemicals and moisture content etc. Use of wrong fabric or fabric with deviations in specified parameters would have serious effect on ultimate properties of the fabric. The choice of a fibre is, therefore, a major factor. Thus the intended performance of a parachute during operation is obtained if and only if the specified fibre is used in making the parachute materials. 12.Dimensions of Textile Assembly Width of fabric used in manufacture of parachute canopy is decided so as to minimize the wastages during mass manufacture. Higher thickness of a fabric increases the packed volume of a parachute and may create a difficulty in accommodating in the pack covers of specified size. In case of a tape or webbing, the width and thickness are important as these materials may have to pass through a metal component such as a pulley, buckle or a ring which have a definite gap to allow the tape to pass through. If the width is higher than the specified, it would not pass through the gap, and if it is less, then it would be loosely fit which is not desirable. Similarly, if thickness is on the higher side, the tape on fitment would go out of the dimensions of the metal component and may create problems in adjusting the extra volume. 13.Mass and Volume Mass of a parachute textile material is a highly critical parameter. An emphasis is always made to reduce the mass of each textile component to the lowest level so that the total mass of a parachute could be kept with in the given limits. Similarly low volume of the parachute system may vacate some space to allow some vital instrument to be installed. Thus, mass and volume are always kept at a minimum possible level. The mass of a range of packed parachutes are given in Table 2. Generally the mass of a man carrying parachute or a brake parachute is in the region of about 15 kg. Whereas, heavy drop parachutes and space recovery parachutes are substantially heavier as well as bulkier. Man Carrying Parachutes Brake Parachutes Heavy Drop Type Mass (kg) Type Mass (kg) Type Mass (kg) Para trooper’s Main 14 MIG 21 14 3-Cluster para 360 Para trooper’s Reserve 7 MIG – 23/27 17 P-7 PL form 700 SMK – 10 (HPT-32) 9 MIG 29 8 G-12 D (64’ dia) 27 SMK-15 (Canberra) 10 Jaguar 14 G-11 A (100 dia.) 52 Sea Harrier / Mirage 11 Mirage 2000 14 G-11 B (100 Dia) 56 BMK 41 (Kiran) 12 Su 30 24 C-3-3 (Iskra/ Mig 21) 12 Jaguar A/c 12 Space Recovery System Ram – air – 7 cell 16 Apollo recovery system 100 Table 2 : Mass of Various Parachute Systems 14. Fibre Density Since the mass and volume are highly critical parameters for parachute materials, certain properties which could be used control these are considered essential. One such important property is the density of the fibre. Lower density of fibres can bring about significant reduction in packed volume of a parachute system. If this is not achievable, one would have to resort to pressure packing of a parachute. Pressure packing is often resorted to in one-time or infrequent applications like recovery parachutes, re-entry systems, ballistic control parachutes etc. However, in case of brake parachutes, which are deployed several times in a day, pressure packing would lead to maintenance difficulties. Thus higher density of a fibre used in parachutes not only adds to the weight of the parachute but also leads to packing problems. The density of various relevant fibres is given in table 3. From the data we can see that the ECPE fibres are the lightest of all fibres. Obvious ly the materials like fabrics and tapes etc manufactured from these fibres would also be the lightest. Some examples of these fibres are Dyneema and Spectra. But these fibres have a low melting point of 1470C and their elongation properties need modification for use in some critical aerospace application. This aspect is indicated in Table 4, which compares the percentage elongation of nylons with Dyneema (ECPE) fibre. Sl No Fibre Density (gm/cm2) 1 Extended Chain Polyethylene Fibres (ECPE) 0.97 2 Nylons (6 And 66) 1.14 3 Silk 1.35 4 Polyesters (Terylene And Dacron) 1.38 5 P. Aramid (Kevlar-29) 1.44 6 Cotton 1.54 Table 3 : Density of some important fibres Material Extension (%) Recovery (%) Permanent Set (%) Immediate Delayed Immediate Delayed Cordage Nylon 44 10.6 13.3 55.6 98.1 1.9 Cordage Nylon 66 7.4 8.6 75.4 98.6 1.5 DYNEEMA SK75 4.0 6.2 19.4 307 69.3 Table 4 : Comparison of Elongation Properties 15.Tensile Properties Textile fibres differ considerably in their response to an externally applied force. Most of them show elastic behavior at very low strains however, at higher strains, visco-elastic effects become prominent. Beyond the elastic region, the strains become hard requiring more stress. At still higher strains, certain degree of strain softening takes place followed by yield process. In this region small increments in stress give rise to large deformations. Finally, the fibre breaks. Fig 1 2 show the behavior of aerospace fabrics under tensile load. 16.The tensile strength of a textile material depends on many factors such as the processes it has undergone, the mechanical treatments it has been subjected to, the relative humidity and the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere. In parachutes, shock loading takes place in every deployment which involves loading of the textile materials at a very high speed or at a high strain-rate. Fig 1 : Stress vs Strain curves of some aerospace fabrics. 17.Under these conditions sufficient time is not available for the viscous components of the fibre to react very fast, consequently the fibre undergoes a brittle fracture as soon as fracture stress is reached. Therefore under shock loading conditions the fibres such as nylon and polyester behave more ideally because these fibres show high tenacity and adequate elongation with sufficiently high melting point. Higher level of melting point is also necessary as temperature goes up during high rate of straining or shock load conditions. Fig 2 : Elongation and Break characteristics at varied strain rates. 18.Table 5A gives a comparison of the tensile properties of nylon and polyester. The results shown in Table 5A are attributed to IH Hall who published results of very high strain rate testing up to 98000% extension per minute i.e. 330% per second where as the conventional testing in laboratory is done at 49.8% extension per minute i.e. 0.0083% per sec. It is has been reported that at higher rate of extension, the increase in tensile modulus is substantial and the increase in tenacity is also significant. The reduction in elongation and energy absorption is found more in polyester than nylon 6. Under high rate of straining, the visco-elastic effects do not play an effective role as they could play during slow rates of straining. The above data also indicates that under shock load conditions nylon 6 stands out superior. It is reported in literature that besides the positive attributes of nylon 6 indicated above, its recovery characteristics, abrasion resistance, frictional behavior , heat conductivity etc are relatively superior, and these are favorable for its applications where high strain rates are involved. Table 5B gives a similar comparison between nylon and Kevlar. Nylon 66 Polyester Modulus (g/tex) At 0.0083 Sec-1 510 1290 At 330 Sec-1 1900 2000 % change 272.5 % 55% Tenacity (g/tex) At 0.0083 Sec-1 84.9 60.8 At 330 Sec-1 110.0 77.7 % change 29.5% 27.8% Elongation – to – break (%) At 0.0083 Sec-1 20.1 12.8 At 330 Sec-1 12.7 7.3 % change 36.8% 42.9 Work of rupture (J / g) At 0.0083 Sec-1 87.1 5.5 At 330 Sec-1 67.5 34.4 % change 22.5% 36.8% Table 5A : Tensile properties of Nylon 6 and Polyester yarn at high strain rates PROPERTIES NYLON KEVLAR Straining Rate % Straining Rate % 10 100 290, 000 10 480, 000 Tenacity 7.0 7.7 9.0 18.0 15.5 Elongation at break 15.0 12.0 11.0 2.3 2.3 Table 5B : Effect of straining rate on Nylon and Kevlar 19.The elongation and thermal properties of ECPE fibres like Dyneema and Spectra, are not vary favorable in parachute applications. At the same time, their strength to weight ratio and density are extremely tempting for use in aerospace applications. Some research done so far do show some promise for ECPE fibres. The research is essentially aimed at modifying the fibre structure as well as weave structure to achieve the desired elongation properties and thermal durability. Salient properties of high performance materials (HFMs) are given in Table 6. Type Of Fibres Density Max. Use Temp Elongation At Break Tenacity Modulus gm/cm3 0C % gpd gpd Poly-Aramids Kevlar 29 1.43 250 3.6 23 550 Technora 1.41 250 4.6 28 590 Twaron 1.44 250 3.3 22 620 Aromatic Polyesters Ekonol 1.4 150 2.6 31 1100 Vectran 1.47 150 25 700 Hetrocyclic Fibres Zylon AS 1.54 350 3.5 42 1300 Zylon ZM 1.56 350 42 2000 PBZT 1.57 350 2.5 30 2366 Extended Chain -PE Spectra 900 0.97 100 3.6 30 850 Spectra 1000 0.97 100 3.3 35 1246 Spectra 2000 0.97 100 2.9 38 1360 Conventional High Tenacity Fibres Nylon 66 1.14 150 15-20 10 37 Polyester 1.38 150 12-18 9.5 120 Table 6 : Properties of High Performance Fibres 20. Use of HFMs in parachutes therefore has been very much restricted. So far tapes and cordages have found their use in limited parachute applications such as sport parachutes. However, with the development of improved fibres of this group like Tensylon, and some variants of dyneema may find increasing applications. Another important aspect is that in the parachute application, it is a shock load of a few milliseconds duration. Therefore the creep observed after loading for a long duration may not be occurring in very short time periods. Some more research is necessary to obtain desired properties from HFMs. 21.It is also very important for consideration that even though the fibre tenacities may be very high, but actually the woven textile material on conversion from fibres or yarns may have disproportionately reduced strengths due to low translation efficiency. Pal SK, Thakre Vikas B and Kamruddin, give a detailed report on the translation efficiency of yarn to braided cordages in their paper â€Å"High performance Braided cordages parachutes† [Journal of Man-Made textiles in India, Feb 2005]. The translation efficiency in case of nylon is as high as 87 to 92% followed by polyester (77.4%), Kevlar29 and Vectran (57%), Spectra 1000 (55%) and the least being Dyneema (48-54.5%). The advantage of higher strength is lost during conversion of fibre to textile assembly. However, the initial tenacity of the high performance fibres being quite high, the resultant strength even after conversion is still quite high compared to nylon and polyester fibres. Comparative results of strength to mass ratio of various freshly braided cordages obtained in the above study are shown in Fig 3. Fibre Strength to Weight Ratio (x103) Dyneema 1 144.50 Dyneema 2 134.50 Dyneema 3 119.10 Spectra 114.80 Kevalr 29 112.00 Polyester 48.00 Nylon 42.30 Fig 3 : Comparison of Strength to Weight Ratio 22.Air Permeability Air permeability is an important property of fabric used in canopies for parachutes. It is a measure of the volume of air passed per unit time through unit area of the fabric at a certain water head pressure. Air permeability is directly responsible for rate of descent of the parachute with the load. Higher porosity causes faster rate of descent and lower porosity causes slower rate of descent and increased snatch forces on the canopy of the parachute. While high rate of descent can cause damage to the load, especially human beings, during descent as well as at landing, a lower rate of descent would delay the delivery of load. This delay could have serious adverse affects in a hostile environment. Therefore it is essential to use fabric of right air permeability. 23.The above discussion on properties of aerospace textiles was aimed at bringing out the relation of properties with the performance of aerospace applications of such textiles. It is needless to say that careful selection of textile properties by the designer and an equally careful production of these textiles by the manufacturers would go a long way in assuring the performance of the safety systems used in aerospace applications. Typical Problems encountered byusers 24.Premature withdrawal of brake parachutes.Brake parachutes are used to retard the landing speed of fighter aircraft. The life of these parachutes is specified in terms of number of deployments. In general, if the life assigned is 40 deployments, the brake parachutes are withdrawn after completion of as low as 25-30 deployments (average). The reasons are that after deployment of brake parachutes, they are jettisoned at the end of the runway. The parachute is then collected by ground crew for inspection and repacking. Most of the damages to the brake parachutes occur during the intervening period between jettison and collection. Some of the factors which could contribute the pre-mature failure are jettisoned parachutes falling into spillage of fuel, dirt and dust at the runway end, entanglement of parachute canopy with thorny shrubs, tears induced while transportation of the parachutes to servicing bays. While these are essentially environment induced failures, a re-look into design, especially the materials have a potential to reduce the pre-mature withdrawals. Another reason could be that most of the brake parachutes are pressure packed in manual rammers. Uneven ramming can causes creases or even pores to appear on the fabric. These areas then succumb to operating loads leading failure of fabric in the form of tear. Tear-proof and abrasion resistant materials with right mass density could provide possible answer. 25.Degradation due to moisture. Moisture and humidity are known to be having degradation effects on nylon, which is an essential material in all parachutes. Higher temperature like those encountered in desert regions accentuates the degradation. In order to prevent such degradations, parachutes are required to be dried at regular intervals. This requires withdrawal of the parachute from service for a minimum period of 48 hrs thereby increasing downtime of the aircraft, which could be otherwise serviceable. This process also requires massive infrastructure for drying the parachutes and man hours to undertake the job. Use of moisture proof material is certainly a solution to this problem however, such material needs to meet other specifications for parachute application. 26.Dirty Brake Parachutes. As indicated in para above, brake parachutes are jettisoned at the runway end. Dust, dirt, oil spillage would cause soiling of the parachute material. fungus and mildew formation or stains from shrubs at the runway end, chemicals in servicing bay also cause contamination on the parachute material. The design specifications do not permit any contamination or stains on the canopy of the parachute as they have the tendency to weaken the fabric. Therefore, any contamination or stains would lead to the parachute being withdrawn for repairs. Repair in such cases involves replacement of affected portion of the fabric by new fabric. The affected parachutes need to be sent to 16 BRD, Palam for repairs from as far flung places as JK and Assam regions. The solution to this problem could be found in developing washable and/ or stain proof fabrics for parachute applications. 27.Degradation of Webbings. Webbings are generally used in harness of pilot parachutes. Harnesses are meant to strap the pilot to the ejection seat as well as provide connection to the parachute in case of any emergency. The harness is strapped to the pilot before each sortie and unstrapped after the sortie. The harness also provides for adjustment of lengths its various components to suit the size of the pilot. Therefore harnesses are the most frequently handled component of the parachute. In the process of strapping, adjustment and unstrapping, the harness material experiences tensile, bending, twisting and abrasive loads. It is also exposed to sweat, dirt and UV radiations. The result is fraying of harnesses at edges, hardening of the webbing due to action of sweat and dirt, folding of webbing leading to difficulty in strapping and adjustments. These problems could be overcome by using washable, abrasion-resistant, soft, UV stabilized webbings. 28.UV Degradation. As indicated earlier, the safety systems used in IAF are exposed to extreme weather conditions. Many of these systems are also exposed to direct sunlight for prolonged duration. The best examples of this situation are the arrester barriers installed at the runway ends of every flying station. Exposure to direct sunlight causes UV degradation of the textile materials and the life of these systems get curtailed. While a certain calendar based life (2 years) has been specified by the designer, the actual life achieved varied from 1 year to 4  ½ years. Such variation has been attributed to variation in exposure to UV radiations at different stations. As all arrester barrier nets need to be safety certified each day, a measure of abundance precaution is to test the strength of the arrester barrier straps at periodic intervals. UV stabilization of the material could not only add to life of the net assemblies but also their life could be predicted with better accuracy. Conclusions 29.Textiles used in aerospace applications have been traditionally based on nylon as the base fibre. Nylon is very versatile fibre for use in such applications due to a host of favorable properties. Yet, certain drawbacks of nylon and feasibility of use of HFM like ECPE fabrics has given rise to a new debate in the design of aerospace safety systems, especially in the field of parachute design. 30.Optimum performance of safety systems and their maintainability should be viewed as a joint criterion in the design of safety systems. Such an integrated design approach was hitherto not considered due to lack of an alternative material. However, with advent of HFMs and availability of technology to optimize the textile properties, time has now come to look beyond traditional nylon stronghold in the design of safety systems for aircraft applications. 31.High performance materials like Spectra, Dyneema etc with their high strength to weight ratio are ideally suited for aerospace applications. Modifications of their thermal and elongation properties would make them strong contenders for application in parachute design. 32.While we continue our research in modifying the properties of HFMs, we also need to consider incorporating maintainability requirements into these materials. Some of the properties desirable from maintainability point of view are; (a) wash ability (b) abrasion resistance (c) tear resistance (d) moisture resistance (e) UV stabilisation (f) material standardisation Bibliography and suggested further readings 1. J.H. Skinkle; Textile Testing; Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., Brooklyn, N.Y., 1949. 2. Man-made Textiles Encyclopedia; J.J. Press, Textile Book Publishers, Inc., New York, 1959. 3. Hall, I.H.; Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 54, 1961; 4. W.E. Morton J.W.S. Hearle; Physical Properties of Textile Fibres; Textile Institute, Butterworths, London, 1962. 5. P.A. Koch; Microscopic and Chemical Testing of Textiles; Chapman and Hall Publisher, London, 1963. 6. Ward, J.M. and Pinnock, P.R.; Journal of Physics, 17, 1966, 3. 7. J.E. Booth; Principles of Textiles Testing; Butterworths, London, 1968 8. ASTM; ASTM D76, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part-32; Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part-32, 1979. 9. S. Gupta, I. Husain and T. Tarafdar; Textile Materials for use in Parachutes; Man-made Textiles in India; Man-made Textiles in India, September, 1980. 10. William, B- Pepper Jr.; Evaluation of kevlar-29 vs Nylon for 3.8 m (12.5) dia ribbon parachute; Journal of Air craft, volume, 17, Number 3, March 1980. 11. BIS; Handbook of Textile Testing-SP:15-1981; Bureau of Indian Standards, 1982. 12. I.Husain and T. Tarafdar; Fabric Porosity and its control in Regulating Air Permeability of Parachute canopy; Seminar on Flexible Aerodynamic Decelerators Balloon Technology, held at ADRDE, Agra, Mar, 1987. 13. BIS; Handbook on Glossary of Textile Terms-SP:45-1988; Bureau of Indian Standards, 1988. 14. Seminar; Production, Processing, structure, Properties and Applications of Man-made Fibres, vol-I II;CEP organised by Deptt. of Textile Technology, I.I.T., Delhi, Dec., 1988. 15. Keith Benefield; Spectra High Performance Fibers for the Fabrication of Light Weight Parachute System; Proceedings of AIAA, 10th Aerodynamic Decelerator Systems Technology Conference, Cocoa Beach, Florida (U.S.A), April. 1989. 16. BIS; Handbook of Textile Testing, Part-1, Testing and Grading of Textile Fibres-SP:15 (Part-1)-1989; Bureau of Indian Standards, 1990. 17. I. Husain, S.K. Pal and Priti Saxena; Effect of Weaves and Yarn Constructions on the Resultant Properties of woven Nylon Tapes; Journal of Aeronautical Society of India, Vol. 47, no. 3, August 1995. 18. I. Husain S.K. Pal; Effect of Constructional Parameters on the Properties of Nylon Braided Cordages; Indian Journal of Fibre Textile Research, Vol. 22, December 1997. 19. Kothari, V.K.; Progress in Textile Science, vol 2, Textile Fiber: Developments and innovations; AFL PUBLICATIONS, New Delhi 2000. 20. S.K. Pal, Vikas B. Thakare Kamruddin; Effect of repeated loading on the residual tensile properties of nylon load bearing members of parachute; Man-Made Textiles In India, May 2002. 21. S.K. Pal Vikas B. Thakare; Development of High Performance Braided Cordages for Parachute Applications; Proceedings of the ‘National Seminar On Textile Ropes Cordages’, held at IIT, Delhi during Dec 2003. 22. Pal S.K., Thakare Vikas B., Gaurav Singh; Creep Behaviour of cordages made of High Performance Fibers for Aerospace Applications; International Seminar 15-17 March 2005, ADRDE.;2005 23. S.K. Pal, Vikas B. Thakare Kamruddin; High Performance Braided Cordages for Parachutes; Man-Made Textiles In India, 2005.;2005 25. B.W. White and D. Northey; Parachute Recovery System, Part-I Parachute materials, applications and Design; Technical Report No. A80-29657, AIAA Tech Information service, New York, USA.; 26. CEP; Technical Textiles for decelerators Inflatables; CEP organized by ADRDE, Agra.; 27. Knacke, T.W; Parachute Recovery System-Design Mannual; Santa Bar Research Papers on Optimisation of Aerospace FabricsOpen Architechture a white paperRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalGenetic EngineeringDefinition of Export QuotasRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)

International Market Entry and Development Research Paper - 1

International Market Entry and Development - Research Paper Example Increase in the purchasing ability of the people is another important factor along with easy access.    1. Explain the process for market research to assess foreign market potential.   Market research is crucial before an entry is made into the international market. Research conducted should be realistic and complete. Market research helps in developing an efficient positioning. Overall the analysis should have complete information about the general economic conditions and the market information about the target market. Detail information about the foreign customers should be present related to whom the services and products will be offered, detailed information about the segment and the niche. Detailed information about the suppliers working in that particular country and the details about how the supply chain is managed is also necessary. Also another important factor is the way and method of entering the foreign market, the way we can enter the foreign market and reach to our possible customers. The approach is an indirect approach which is using an intermediary or an agent in order to enter the market or directly entering the market. Another way is through collective exporting, trading house and consortium. 2. Explain the considerations for product adaptation in foreign markets and common  approaches to adjusting promotional strategy to fit foreign markets.   It is important for the firms to properly examine and adapt different market strategies once they enter the foreign market compared to the strategies they are already working with in the domestic market. The effect of these strategies on the performance of the firm is also an important factor which needs to be analyzed. Marketing mix plays an important role here which once adopted is very useful as it is based on the previous adaption strategies of the firm .Firms need to evaluate the importance if these marketing mix component so that they can analyze and check the possibilities of the firmâ⠂¬â„¢s success in it. The promotional strategies are also checked and analyzed again as a proper set of strategies defines the firm’s competitive advantage which is the basic tool for a firm’s success and performance in the foreign market. Market expansion helps a country in a lot of ways from increasing the sale of its product or the services offered which then increases the revenue generated from the products. Expanded market is great for the product category and also it helps in increasing the generic needs. It overall expands the size of the customer’s budget and acquires a share from it. 3. Explain the strategic marketing planning process, strategies for entering foreign  markets, and considerations for subsequent market expansion.   There are various ways and options which a firm can use once it has decided to enter the overseas market. Factors like cost, risk, degree of control and revenue generation are few factors which are kept in mind before the f inal decision is made of entering the foreign market. A simple form of entering into the foreign market is exporting which is through direct or indirect methods which include using agents when a former, countertrade or the final exporting decision is made. Another way of entering into an international market includes joint ventures or export processing zones (Blackwell Reference Online, 2012) Export strategy needs to be finalized along with deciding the specific channels